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Charles Of Burgundy

Charles of Burgundy

] Charles, called the Bold (French: Charles le Téméraire) (November 10, 1433 – January 5, 1477) was Duke of Burgundy from 1467 to 1477. He was known as Charles the Terrible to his detractors. He was born in Dijon, the son of Philip III, Duke of Burgundy and Isabella of Portugal. In his father's lifetime (1433–1467) he bore the title of Count of Charolais; afterwards, he assumed all of his father's titles, including that of "Grand Duke of the West". He was also created a Knight of the Golden Fleece but twenty days after his birth, being invested by Charles I, Count of Nevers and the seigneur de Croy. He was brought up under the direction of the seigneur d'Auxy, and early showed great application to study and also to warlike exercises. Although he was on familiar terms with the dauphin (afterwards Louis XI), when the latter was a refugee at the court of Burgundy, he could not but view with chagrin the repurchase by the king of France of the towns on the Somme, which had been temporarily ceded to Philip the Good by the Treaty of Arras; and when his father's failing health enabled him to take into his hands the reins of government (which Philip abandoned to him completely by an act of April 12, 1465), he entered upon his lifelong struggle against Louis XI, and became one of the principal leaders of the League of the Public Good. His bravery at the Battle of Montlhéry (July 13, 1465), where he was wounded and was left master of the field, neither prevented the king from re-entering Paris nor assured Charles a decisive victory. He succeeded, however, in forcing upon Louis the treaty of Conflans (1466), by which the king restored to him the towns on the Somme, and promised him the hand of his infant daughter Catherine, with Champagne as dowry. In the meanwhile the count of Charolais obtained the surrender of Ponthieu. The revolt of Liège and Dinant intervened to divert his attention from the affairs of France. On August 25, 1466 Charles took possession of Dinant, which he pillaged and sacked, and succeeded in treating at the same time with the Bishopric of Liège. After the death of Philip the Good (June 15, 1467), the Bishopric of Liège renewed hostilities, but Charles defeated them at Sint-Truiden, and made a victorious entry into Liège, which he dismantled and deprived of some of its privileges. Liège Alarmed by these early successes of the duke of Burgundy, and anxious to settle various questions relating to the execution of the treaty of Conflans, Louis requested a meeting with Charles and placed himself in his hands at Péronne. In the course of the negotiations the duke was informed of a fresh revolt of the Bishopric of Liège secretly fomented by Louis. After deliberating for four days how to deal with his adversary, who had thus maladroitly placed himself at his mercy, Charles decided to respect the parole he had given and to treat with Louis (October 1468), at the same time forcing him to assist in quelling the revolt. The town was carried by assault and the inhabitants were massacred, Louis not having the courage to intervene on behalf of his ancient allies. At the expiry of the one year's truce which followed the treaty of Péronne, the king accused Charles of treason, cited him to appear before the parlement, and seized some of the towns on the Somme (1471). The duke retaliated by invading France with a large army, taking possession of Nesle and massacring its inhabitants. He failed, however, in an attack on Beauvais, and had to content himself with ravaging the country as far as Rouen, eventually retiring without having attained any useful result. Other matters, moreover, engaged his attention. Relinquishing, if not the stately magnificence, at least the gay and wasteful profusion which had characterized the court of Burgundy under the preceding duke, he had bent all his efforts towards the development of his military and political power. Since the beginning of his reign he had employed himself in reorganizing his army and the administration of his territories. While retaining the principles of feudal recruiting, he had endeavoured to establish a system of rigid discipline among his troops, which he had strengthened by taking into his pay foreign mercenaries, particularly Englishmen and Italians, and by developing his artillery. Furthermore, he had lost no opportunity of extending his power. In 1469 the archduke of Austria, Sigismund, had sold him the county of Ferrette, and the landgraviate of Alsace and some other towns, reserving to himself the right to repurchase. In 1472–1473 Charles bought the reversion of the duchy of Guelders from its old duke, Arnold, whom he had supported against the rebellion of his son. Not content with being "the grand duke of the West," he conceived the project of forming a kingdom of Burgundy or Aries with himself as independent sovereign, and even persuaded the emperor Frederick to assent to crown him king at Trier. The ceremony, however, did not take place owing to the emperor’s precipitate flight by night (September 1473), occasioned by his displeasure at the duke’s attitude. In the following year Charles involved himself in a series of difficulties and struggles which ultimately brought about his downfall. He embroiled himself successively with the archduke Sigismund of Austria, to whom he refused to restore his possessions in Alsace for the stipulated sum; with the Swiss, who supported the free towns of Upper Rhine in their revolt against the tyranny of the ducal governor, Peter von Hagenbach (who was condemned by a special international tribunal and executed in May 1474); and finally, with René II, Duke of Lorraine, with whom he disputed the succession of Lorraine, the possession of which had united the two principal portions of Charles's territories—Flanders and the Low Countries and the duchy and county of Burgundy. All these enemies, incited and supported as they were by Louis, were not long in joining forces against their common adversary. Charles suffered a first rebuff in endeavouring to protect his kinsman, the archbishop of Cologne, against his rebel subjects. He spent ten months (July 1474 – June 1475) in besieging the little town of Neuss on the Rhine (the Siege of Neuss), but was compelled by the approach of a powerful imperial army to raise the siege. Moreover, the expedition he had persuaded his brother-in-law, Edward IV of England, to undertake against Louis was stopped by the treaty of Picquigny (August 29, 1475). He was more successful in Lorraine, where he seized Nancy (November 30, 1475). From Nancy he marched against the Swiss, hanging and drowning the garrison of Grandson, a possession of the Savoyard Jacques de Romont, a close ally of Charles, which the Confederates had invested shortly before, and in spite of their capitulation. Some days later, however, he was attacked before Grandson by the confederate army in the Battle of Grandson and suffered a shameful defeat, being compelled to fly with a handful of attendants, and leaving his artillery and an immense booty in the hands of the allies (March 1476). He succeeded in raising a fresh army of 30,000 men, with which he attacked Morat, but he was again defeated by the Swiss army, assisted by the cavalry of René II, Duke of Lorraine (June 22, 1476). On this occasion, and unlike the debacle at Grandson, little booty was lost, but Charles certainly lost about one third of his entire army, the unfortunate losers being pushed into the nearby lake where they were drowned or shot at whilst trying to swim to safety on the opposite shore. On October 6 Charles lost Nancy, which was re-entered by René. Making a last effort, Charles formed a new army and arrived in the depth of winter before the walls of Nancy. Having lost many of his troops through the severe cold, it was with only a few thousand men that he met the joint forces of the Lorrainers and the Swiss, who had come to the relief of the town, at the Battle of Nancy (January 5, 1477). He himself perished in the fight, his naked body being discovered some days afterwards, the face so mutilated by wild animals that only his physician was able to identify him by old scars on his body. Charles the Bold has often been regarded as the last representative of the feudal spirit—a man who possessed no other quality than a blind bravery. Burgundy, Charles Duke of Burgundy, Charles Duke of Charles I Charles I Charles II Charles I Charles I Burgundy, Charles Duke of ja:シャルル (勇胆公)

November 10

November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining.

Events

- 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Ladislaus III of Poland (or Ulaszlo I of Hungary) are crushed by the Turks under Sultan Murad II and Ladislaus is killed.
- 1674 - Anglo-Dutch War: As provided in the Treaty of Westminster, Netherlands cedes New Netherlands to England.
- 1766 - The last Colonial governor of New Jersey, William Franklin, signs the charter of Queen's College (later renamed Rutgers University).
- 1775 - American Revolutionary War: The Continental Congress passes a resolution creating the Continental Marines (later renamed the United States Marine Corps) to serve as landing troops for the recently created Continental Navy.
- 1865 - Major Henry Wirz, the superintendent of a prison camp in Andersonville, Georgia, is hanged, becoming the only American Civil War soldier executed for war crimes.
- 1871 - Henry Morton Stanley locates missing explorer and missionary, Dr. David Livingstone in Ujiji, near Lake Tanganyika saying "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"
- 1919 - The first national convention of the American Legion is held in Minneapolis, Minnesota (convention ended on November 12).
- 1926 - In San Francisco, California, a necrophiliac serial killer named Earle Nelson (dubbed "Gorilla Man") kills and then rapes his 9th victim, Mrs. William Edmonds.
- 1928 - Michinomiya Hirohito is crowned the 124th Emperor of Japan
- 1938 - Kate Smith, on her weekly radio show, sings Irving Berlin's God Bless America for the first time.
- 1940 - Walt Disney begins serving as an informer for the Los Angeles office of the FBI; his job is to report back information on Hollywood "subversives".
- 1942 - World War II: Germany invades Vichy France following French Admiral François Darlan agreement to an armistice with the Allies in North Africa.
- 1951 - Direct-dial coast-to-coast telephone service begins in the United States.
- 1954 - US President Dwight D. Eisenhower dedicates the USMC War Memorial (Iwo Jima memorial) in Arlington National Cemetery.
- 1969 - National Educational Television (the predecessor to the Public Broadcasting Service) in the United States debuts the children's television program Sesame Street.
- 1970 - Vietnam War: Vietnamization - For the first time in five years, an entire week ends with no reports of American combat fatalities in Southeast Asia.
- 1970 - Soviet Lunar probe Lunokhod 1 launched.
- 1971 - In Cambodia, Khmer Rouge forces attack the city Phnom Penh and its airport, killing 44, wounding at least 30 and damaging nine airplanes.
- 1972 - Southern Airways Flight 49 from Birmingham is hijacked and, at one point, is threatened with crashing into the nuclear installation at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. After two days, the plane lands in Havana, Cuba, where the hijackers are jailed by Fidel Castro.
- 1975 - The 729-foot-long freighter SS Edmund Fitzgerald sinks during a storm on Lake Superior, killing all 29 crew on board.
- 1975 - United Nations Resolution 3379: United Nations General Assembly approves a resolution equating Zionism with racism (the resolution was repealed in December 1991).
- 1989 - After ruling for 33 years , Bulgarian Communist Party leader Todor Zhivkov is replaced by foreign minister Petur Mladenov, who in 1990 changes the party's name to Bulgarian Socialist Party.
- 1995 - In Nigeria, playwright and environmental activist Ken Saro-Wiwa along with eight others from the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (Mosop) are hanged by government forces.
- 1997 - Telcoms WorldCom and MCI Communications announce a $37 billion merger (the largest merger in US history at the time).
- 1997 - A jury in Fairfax, Virginia finds Mir Aimal Kasi guilty of the murder of two CIA employees in 1993.
- 1997 - Seymour Hersh's book "The Dark Side of Camelot" is published; it includes allegations of explicit photos of John F. Kennedy with various sex partners having been taken.
- 1997 - The conviction of 19-year-old British au pair Louise Woodward reduced from second-degree murder to involuntary manslaughter and her sentence reduced from life in prison to time served. She had been found guilty less than two weeks earlier in a baby-shaking death.
- 2005 - The New Cybermen were revealed on the BBC's Website.

Births

- 745 - Musa al-Kazim, Shia Imam (d. 799)
- 1341 - Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, English statesman (d. 1408)
- 1433 - Charles, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1477)
- 1483 - Martin Luther, German protestant reformer (d. 1546)
- 1565 - Laurentius Paulinus Gothus, Swedish theologian and astronomer (d. 1646)
- 1566 - Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, English politician (d. 1601)
- 1577 - Jacob Cats, Dutch poet, jurist and politician (d. 1660)
- 1668 - Louis III, Prince of Condé (d. 1710)
- 1668 - François Couperin, French composer (d. 1733)
- 1683 - George II of Great Britain (d. 1760)
- 1695 - John Bevis, English physician and astronomer (d. 1771)
- 1697 - William Hogarth, English artist (d. 1764)
- 1710 - Adam Gottlob Moltke, Danish statesman (d. 1792)
- 1728 - Oliver Goldsmith, English playwright (d. 1774)
- 1759 - Friedrich von Schiller, German writer (d. 1805)
- 1801 - Samuel Gridley Howe, American social reformer (d. 1876)
- 1801 - Vladimir Dal, Russian lexicographer (d. 1872)
- 1845 - Sir John Sparrow David Thompson, fourth Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1894)
- 1871 - Winston Churchill, American novelist (d. 1947)
- 1879 - Vachel Lindsay, American poet (d. 1931)
- 1880 - Jacob Epstein, American-born scuptor (d. 1959)
- 1887 - Arnold Zweig, German author (d. 1968)
- 1888 - Andrei Tupolev, Russian aircraft designer (d. 1972)
- 1889 - Claude Rains, English actor (d. 1967)
- 1893 - John P. Marquand, American writer (d. 1960)
- 1896 - Jimmy Dykes, baseball player and manager (d. 1976)
- 1907 - Jane Froman, American actor and singer (d. 1980)
- 1909 - Paweł Jasienica, Polish historian (d. 1970)
- 1912 - Birdie Tebbetts, baseball player and manager (d. 1999)
- 1918 - Ernst Otto Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1919 - Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov, Russian inventor
- 1919 - Moise Tshombe, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (d. 1969)
- 1925 - Richard Burton, Welsh actor (d. 1984)
- 1928 - Ennio Morricone, Italian composer
- 1932 - Roy Scheider, American actor
- 1935 - Igor Dmitrievich Novikov, Russian astrophisicist
- 1940 - Russell Means, American activist
- 1940 - Screaming Lord Sutch, English musician
- 1942 - Robert F. Engle, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1942 - Hans-Rudolf Merz, Swiss Federal Councilor
- 1944 - Silvestre Reyes, American politician
- 1944 - Sir Tim Rice, English lyricist
- 1947 - Greg Lake, British musician
- 1947 - Glen Buxton, American guitarist (Alice Cooper) (d. 1997)
- 1949 - Ann Reinking, American actress, dancer, and choreographer
- 1956 - Sinbad, American actor and comedian
- 1958 - Massimo Morsello, Italian singer and activist
- 1958 - Brooks Williams, American musician
- 1959 - Linda Cohn, American sports reporter
- 1959 - Mackenzie Phillips, American actress
- 1960 - Neil Gaiman, English writer
- 1964 - Kenny Rogers, baseball player
- 1965 - Eddie Irvine, Irish race car driver
- 1969 - Jens Lehmann, German goalkeeper (football)
- 1972 - Shawn Green, baseball player
- 1973 - Patrik Berger, Czech footballer
- 1976 - Steffen Iversen, Norwegian footballer
- 1976 - Shefki Kuqi, Finnish footballer
- 1977 - Brittany Murphy, American actress
- 1978 - Eve, American rapper (Sunil)
- 1985 - Ricki-Lee Coulter, Australian singer
- 1985 - Giovonnie Samuels, American television actress
- 1987 - (Akshat Jain), Indian Singer-born star

Deaths

- 627 - Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury
- 1444 - King Wladislaus III of Poland (killed in battle) (b. 1424)
- 1549 - Pope Paul III (b. 1468)
- 1596 - Peter Wentworth, English Puritan politician (b. 1530)
- 1605 - Ulisse Aldrovandi, Italian naturalist (b. 1522)
- 1617 - Barnabe Rich, English soldier and writer
- 1624 - Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, English patron of the theater (b. 1573)
- 1644 - Luís Vélez de Guevara, Spanish writer (b. 1579)
- 1673 - Michał Wiśniowiecki, King of Poland (b. 1640)
- 1727 - Alphonse de Tonty, French explorer and American settler (b. 1659)
- 1728 - Fyodor Apraksin, Russian admirals (b. 1661)
- 1772 - Pedro Antonio Joaquim Correa da Serra Garção, Portuguese poet (b. 1724)
- 1777 - Cornstalk, Shawnee chief
- 1808 - Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, British soldier and Governor of Quebec (b. 1724)
- 1891 - Arthur Rimbaud, French poet, (b. 1854)
- 1909 - Renee Vivien, American poet (b. 1877)
- 1912 - Louis Cyr, Canadian strongman (b. 1863)
- 1938 - Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder and the first President of Turkey (b. 1881)
- 1982 - Leonid Brezhnev, ruler of the Soviet Union (b. 1906)
- 1985 - Pelle Lindbergh, Swedish hockey player (b. 1959)
- 1990 - Aurelio Monteagudo, baseball player (b. 1943)
- 1995 - Ken Saro-Wiwa, Nigerian writer and activist (b. 1941)
- 2001 - Ken Kesey, American author (b. 1935)
- 2003 - Canaan Banana, first President of Zimbabwe (b. 1936)
- 2003 - Irv "Kup" Kupcinet, American columnist and television personality (b. 1912)

Holidays and observances

- R.C. Saints - Pope Leo I the Great
- Also see November 10 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Ancient Latvia - Martini
- Turkey - Day of Remembrance of Ataturk
- Russia - Day of Militsiya (analogue of police in Russia)
- United States Marine Corps Birthday

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/10 BBC: On This Day] ---- November 9 - November 11 - October 10 - December 10 -- listing of all days ko:11월 10일 ms:10 November ja:11月10日 simple:November 10 th:10 พฤศจิกายน

1433

Events

- Winter: Much of the English town of Alnwick in Northumbria burnt by Scottish a raiding party.
- The Ming dynasty in China disbands their navy, altering the balance of power in the Indian Ocean, making it easier for Portugal and other Western naval powers to gain dominance over the seas.

Births

- June 23 - Francis II, Duke of Brittany (died 1488)
- October 19 - Marsilio Ficino, Italian philosopher (died 1499)
- November 10 - Charles, Duke of Burgundy (died 1477)
- Francesco Colonna, Italian Dominican priest and monk (died 1527)
- László Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman and warrior (died 1457)
- Kettil Karlsson, regent of Sweden

Deaths

- August 14 - King John I of Portugal (born 1357)
- December 1 - Emperor Go-Komatsu of Japan (born 1377)
- Jan z Tarnowa, Polish nobleman Category:1433 ko:1433년

1477

Events

- January 5 - Battle of Nancy - Charles the Bold of Burgundy is again defeated, and this time is killed. This marks the end of the Burgundian Wars.
- February 10 - Mary of Burgundy, the daughter of Charles the Bold, is forced by her disgruntled subjects to sign the "Great Privilege," by which the Flemish cities recovered all the local and communal rights which had been abolished by the arbitrary decrees of the dukes of Burgundy in their efforts to create in the Low Countries a centralized state.
- August 18 - Mary of Burgundy marries Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor in Ghent, bringing her Flemish and Burgundian lands into the Holy Roman Empire and detaching them from France.
- Swedish University of Uppsala founded.
- November 18 - William Caxton produces "Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres", the first English book printed on a printing press.

Births

- January 14 - Hermann of Wied, German Catholic archbishop (died 1552)
- January 16 - Johannes Schöner, German astronomer and cartographer (died 1547)
- January 25 - Anne of Brittany, queen of Charles VIII of France (died 1514)
- February 3 - Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham (died 1521)
- March 20 - Jerome Emser, German theologian (d. 1527)
- Johannes Aventinus, Bavarian historian and philologist (died 1534)
- István Báthory, Hungarian nobleman (died 1534)
- Girolamo del Pacchia, Italian painter (approximate date; died 1533)
- Lambert Simnel, pretender to the throne of England (approximate date; died c. 1534)
- Il Sodoma, Italian painter (died 1549)
- Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English diplomat (died 1539)

Deaths

- January 5 - Charles, Duke of Burgundy (killed in battle) (born 1433) Category:1477 ko:1477년

Duke of Burgundy

The Duchy of Burgundy, today Bourgogne, has its origin in the small portion of traditional lands of Burgundians west of river Saône which in 843 was allotted to Charles the Bald's kingdom of West Franks. As it was their kingdom of Burgundy to France, the name Burgundy established within centuries to this border region, as the most proper lands of Burgundians lost central power and disintegrated into principalities known with other names. The Western kings appointed governors to this province with the title Duke, and sooner or later the ducal position established as hereditary. The following is a list of the Dukes of Burgundy (French: Duc de Bourgogne), a title in the peerage of France.
- Richard of Autun, the Justicier (880–921)
- Rudolph of Burgundy (king of France from 923) (921–923)
- Hugh the Black (923–952)
- Gilbert of Chalon (952–956)
- Odo of Paris (956-965)
- Otto-Henry the Great (965–1002)
- Otto-William (1002–1004) 1004: Burgundy annexed by France
- Henry I of France (1016–1032) Capetian Dukes
- All dukes named 'Eudes' are somtimes called 'Odo', they being the same name.
- Robert I (1032–1076), brother of Henry I
- Hugh I (1076–1079)
- Eudes I the Red (1079–1103)
- Hugh II (1103–1143)
- Eudes II (1143–1162)
- Hugh III (1162–1192)
- Eudes III (1192–1218)
- Hugh IV (1218–1271)
- Robert II (1272–1306)
- Hugh V (1306–1315)
- Eudes IV (1315–1349)
- Philip I of Rouvre (1349–1361) House of Valois
- Philip II, the Bold (1364–1404)
- John, the Fearless (1404–1419)
- Philip III, the Good (1419–1467)
- Charles I, the Bold (1467–1477)
- Mary of Burgundy (1477–1482) In 1477, the territory of the Duchy of Burgundy is annexed by France. In the same year, Mary married Archduke Maximilian of Austria, giving the Habsburgs control of the remainder of the Burgundian inheritance. Although the Duchy of Burgundy itself remained in the hands of France, the Habsburgs remained in control of the other Burgundian inheritance, notably the Low Countries, and often used the term Burgundy to refer to it (Burgundian Circle), until the late 18th century, when the Austrian Low Countries was lost to French Republic. House of Habsburg (Spain)
- Maximilian I 1477-1482 (with his wife; regent 1482-1494)
- Philip IV the Handsome 1482-1506
- Charles II (Emperor Charles V) 1506-1555
- Philip V 1555-1598
- Philip VI 1598-1621
- Philip VII 1621-1665
- Charles III 1665-1700 House of Bourbon (Spain)
- Philip VIII 1700-1706 House of Habsburg (Austria)
- Charles IV 1713-1740
- Maria Theresa 1740-1780
- Joseph 1780-1790
- Leopold 1790-1792
- Francis 1792-1795 At the same time, various members of the French royal family, most notably Louis, Duke of Burgundy, the father of Louis XV of France, also used the title.

Dijon

Dijon () is a city in eastern France, the préfecture (administrative capital) of the Côte-d'Or département and of the Bourgogne région. Dijon is the historical capital of the province of Burgundy. Population (1999): 149,867 for the commune; 240,000 for the greater Dijon area.

History

Dijon began as a Roman settlement called Castrum Divionense, located on the road from Lyon to Mainz. This province was home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th century until the late 1400's and Burgundy was a place of tremendous wealth and power and one of the great European centres of art, learning and science.

Food and drink

Mustard

The city is famous for its mustard, even though nowadays mustard seeds are largely imported. The term Dijon mustard (moutarde de Dijon) designates a method for the making of mustard. Traditional Dijon mustard is particularly strong. Most Dijon mustard (brands such as Amora or Maille) is produced industrially, but the town also specializes in exotic or unusually-flavored mustard, often sold in decorative hand-painted faïence (china) pots. In non-European markets such as the United States the name "Dijon mustard" is not trademarked, so the only way to be sure you are getting real Dijon mustard is to buy a jar that was imported from France; however, true Dijon mustard in exotic flavors can be difficult to find outside France.

Wine

As the capital of the Burgundy region, Dijon reigns over some of the best wine country in the world. Many superb vineyards producing vins d'appellation contrôlée, such as Vosne-Romanée and Gevrey-Chambertin, are within 20 minutes of the city centre. The town's university boasts a renowned oenology institute. The drive from Santenay to Dijon, known as the route des Grands Crus, is a wine-lover's dream, passing as it does through an idyllic countryside of exquisite vineyards, rivers, villages, vineyards, forests, vineyards, twelfth-century churches, and more world-class vineyards. The region's architecture is distinguished by, among other things, toits bourguignons (similar to Flemish roofs) made of tiles glazed in terra cotta, green, yellow and black and arranged in eye-catching geometric patterns. The city is also well known for its crème de cassis, or blackcurrant liqueur, used in the drink known as "Kir" (white wine, especially Bourgogne aligoté, with blackcurrant liqueur, named after former mayor of Dijon canon Félix Kir). The same drink made with champagne instead of white wine is known as un kir royal. The American food writer M.F.K. Fisher, who moved to Dijon shortly after her marriage in 1929, fell in love with the region's cuisine and wrote about it in Long Ago in France.

Sights

The town centre is one of the best-preserved in France: 60% of the buildings are over 200 years old, the Gothic cathedral's crypt dates from 1000 years ago, and the city centre has many fine houses dating from the 15th through 17th centuries. Dijon was spared the destruction of various wars such as the 1870 Franco-Prussian War, despite the fact that the Prussian army invaded the city.

Transportation

Dijon is located approximately one hour and 40 minutes southeast of Paris by the TGV high-speed train.

Miscellaneous

Dijon is home, every three years, to the international flower show Florissimo. To the northwest of Dijon, the racing track of Dijon-Prenois hosts various motor sport events. In the past, it once hosted the Formula 1 Grand Prix of France.

Colleges and universities

- Dijon hosts the main campus of the University of Burgundy (Université de Bourgogne) [http://www.u-bourgogne.fr/]
- École nationale des beaux-arts de Dijon

Births

Dijon was the birthplace of:
- Henry Darcy
- Gustave Eiffel
- Charles, Duke of Burgundy
- Roger Guillemin
- François Jouffroy
- Jean-Philippe Rameau
- François Rude

Twin towns

Dijon is twinned with:
- Cluj , Romania
- Dallas, Texas, United States
- Mainz, Germany
- Opole, Poland
- Pécs, Hungary
- Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
- Volgograd, Russia
- York, United Kingdom

External link

- [http://www.ville-dijon.fr/ Official site of the city government] Category:Communes of Côte-d'Or Category:Cities in France ja:ディジョン

Isabella of Portugal

:Other people with the same name include Isabella of Portugal (1503-1539). Isabella of Portugal (1503-1539) Isabella of Portugal (or Isabel in Portuguese) (February 21 1397 - December 17 1471) was the only surviving daughter of king John I of Portugal and his wife Philippa of Lancaster. She was the sister, amongst others, of Henry the Navigator, Pedro, duke of Coimbra and king Edward of Portugal. Isabella was born in Évora and spent her youth in the Portuguese court in Lisbon. In 1430 she married Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. They had three sons: Antoine and Joseph (who died in childhood) and Charles the Bold (born November 10 1433). Isabella was a very refined and intelligent woman, who liked to be surrounded by artists and poets. She funded numerous scholarships and was a patron of the arts. Also in politics, she had a great influence on her son, but especially on her husband, whom she represented on several diplomatic conferences. She died in Dijon in 1471.

Count of Charolais

Charolais is an area of France, named after the town of Charolles, and located in today's Saône-et-Loire département, in Burgundy.

History

The countship of Charolais was acquired by Philip II, Duke of Burgundy in 1390. In 1477 the county passed to the Habsburg. From then on its history was shared with the one of Franche-Comté, until it was acquired from Spain by Louis XIV and was united with France and incorporated into the province of Burgundy in 1761.

Economy

Cattle breeding. See: Charolais cattle. Category:Burgundy

Knight of the Golden Fleece

The Order of the Golden Fleece (Orden del Toisón de Oro in Spanish) is an order of chivalry founded in 1430 by Duke Philip III of Burgundy to celebrate his marriage to the Portuguese princess Isabelle of Aviz. Isabelle of Aviz, Austria.]] It was modelled on the English Order of the Garter (Philip had been elected to membership of the Garter in 1422, but had declined to avoid offending the king of France), but dedicated to Saint Andrew. Like the Garter it was restricted to a limited number of knights, initially 24 but increased to 30 in 1433 and 51 in 1516. The order was explicitly denied to "heretics", and so became an exclusively Catholic award during the Reformation, though the choice of the pagan Golden Fleece of Colchis as the symbol of a Christian order caused some controversy. The badge of the Order was suspended from a jewelled collar with the motto "Pretium Laborum Non Vile" ("Not a bad reward for labor") engraved on the front of the central link, with Philip's motto "Non Aliud" ("I will have no other") on the back. With the absorption of the Burgundian lands into the Habsburg empire, the sovereignty of the Order passed to the Habsburg kings of Spain, where it remained until the death of the last of the Spanish Habsburgs, Charles II, in 1700. He was succeeded by Philip of Anjou, a Bourbon. There followed a dispute between the Houses of Habsburg and Bourbon over sovereignty, which was resolved by the division of the Order into Spanish and Austrian branches.

The Spanish Order

The Spanish Order of the Fleece has been a source of controversy in the past, particularly during the Napoleonic period. The award of the Order to Napoleon and his brother Joseph angered the exiled king of France Louis XVIII and caused him to return his collar in protest. These, and other awards by Joseph, were revoked by king Ferdinand on the restoration of Bourbon rule in 1813. 1813 In 1812 the acting government of Spain illegally awarded the order to the Duke of Wellington, an act confirmed by Ferdinand on his resumption of power, with the approval of the pope. Wellington therefore became the first Protestant to be awarded the Fleece. It has subsequently also been awarded to Orthodox Christians. There was another crisis in 1833 when Isabella II became Queen of Spain in defiance of Salic Law. Her right to award the Fleece was challenged by Carlists and the prestige of the Order inevitably suffered due to the political controversies of the period. Sovereignty remained with the head of the Spanish house of Bourbon during the republican (1931-39) and Francoist (1939-1975) periods and is held today by the present king of Spain, Juan Carlos.

The Austrian Order

The Austrian Order did not suffer from the political difficulties of the Spanish, remaining an award solely for Catholic royals and nobles. The problem of female inheritance was avoided on the accession of Maria Theresa in 1740 as sovereignty of the Order passed not to herself but to her husband, Francis. On the collapse of the Austrian monarchy after World War I King Albert I of Belgium requested that the Sovereignty and treasure of the Order be transferred to him as the ruler of the formerly Habsburg lands of Burgundy. This claim was seriously considered by the victorious allies at Versailles but was eventually rejected due to the intervention of King Alfonso XIII of Spain, who took possession of the property of the Order on behalf of the dethroned emperor Karl. Sovereignty remains with the head of the house of Habsburg, but the present head Otto has transferred the sovereignty to his eldest son Karl.

External links

- [http://www.antiquesatoz.com/sgfleece/ The Society of the golden fleece, an association of those interested in the Order] Golden Fleece, Order of the Golden Fleece, Order of the Golden Fleece, Order of the Goldren Fleece, Order of the

Charles I, Count of Nevers

Charles I, Count of Nevers (1414 – May 25, 1464), Count of Nevers and Rethel, was the son of Philip II, Count of Nevers and Bonne d'Artois. Towards the end of the life of Philip III, Duke of Burgundy, he fell under suspicion of practicing witchcraft, in an effort to supplant Charles, Count of Charolais as the heir. He precipitately fled to France and died soon after. He married Marie d'Albret, daughter of Charles II d'Albret, Count of Dreux on June 11, 1456, but had no legitimate children. He was succeeded by his brother John. Nevers, Charles I, Count of Nevers, Charles I, Count of Nevers, Charles I, Count of

Croy

Croy may refer to:
- Croy, a town in Switzerland
- One of several communities in Scotland, including:
- Croy, Highland
- Croy, North Lanarkshire
- The house of Croy, an ancient and wealthy family originating in Picardy, northern France
- Croy castle in the Netherlands

Dauphin

For other uses, see Dauphin (disambiguation). The Dauphin was the heir apparent to the throne of France under the Valois and Bourbon dynasties. Guy VIII, Count of Vienne, had a dolphin on his coat of arms and had been nicknamed le Dauphin (French for dolphin). The title of Dauphin du Viennois descended in his family until 1349, when Humbert II sold his signeurie, called the Dauphiné, to King Philippe VI on condition that the heir of France assumed the title of le Dauphin. The wife of the Dauphin was known as la Dauphine. Philippe VI The first French prince called le Dauphin was Charles V. The last was the Duc d'Angoulême, son of Charles X, who renounced the title in 1830.

List of Dauphins, 1349-1830

- Charles (future Charles V of France) 1349-1364
- Charles (future Charles VI of France) 1368-1380
- Charles 1389
- Charles 1392-1401
- Louis, Duc de Guyenne 1401-1415
- Jean, Duc de Touraine 1415-1417
- Charles (future Charles VII of France) 1417-1422
- Louis (future Louis XI of France) 1423-1461
- Charles (future Charles VIII of France) 1470-1483
- Charles-Orland 1492-1495
- Charles 1496
- François 1497-1498
- François, Duc de Bretagne 1518-1536
- Henri, formerly Duc d'Orléans (future Henry II of France) 1536-1547
- François (future Francis II of France) 1547-1559
- Louis (future Louis XIII of France) 1601-1610
- Louis (future Louis XIV of France) 1638-1643
- Louis, le Grand Dauphin 1661-1711
- Louis, duke of Burgundy 1711-1712
- Louis, Duc de Bretagne 1712
- Louis (future Louis XV of France) 1712-1715
- Louis, dauphin de France 1729-1765
- Louis-Auguste, Duc de Berry (future Louis XVI of France) 1765-1774
- Louis-Joseph 1781-1789
- Louis-Charles, Duc de Normandie (future titular Louis XVII of France) 1789-1791 (in 1791 his title was changed to "Prince Royal")
- Louis-Antoine, Duc d'Angoulême (future titular Louis XIX of France) 1824-1830

In literature

In Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck encounters two odd characters who turn out to be professional con men. One of them claims that he should be treated with deference, since he is really an impoverished English duke, and the other, not to be outdone, reveals that he is "really" the Dauphin, presumably Louis XVII. Dauphin

Burgundy

:This page is about the historical region and cultural area of Burgundy in France. For the modern-day French administrative région of Bourgogne, see Bourgogne. For the wine, see Burgundy wine. For the color, see Burgundy (color). Burgundy (color) Burgundy (French: Bourgogne) is a historic region of France, inhabited in turn by Pre-Indo-European people, Celts (Gauls), Romans (Gallo-Romans), and various Germanic peoples, most importantly the Burgundians and the Franks. Burgundians gave their name to the region. Later in time, the region was divided between the duchy of Burgundy (west of Burgundy) and the county of Burgundy (east of Burgundy). The duchy of Burgundy is the most famous of the two, and the one which reached historical fame. Later, the duchy of Burgundy became the French province of Burgundy, while the county of Burgundy became the French province of Franche-Comté (literally meaning "free county"). This article is about the old united Burgundy, the duchy of Burgundy, the French province of Burgundy, and the current cultural area of Burgundy. For the county of Burgundy see relevant article. For the province and modern-day région of Franche-Comté, see relevant article. Burgundy (duchy) makes up most of the modern-day administrative région of Bourgogne. See relevant article.

History

The Burgundians were one of the Germanic peoples who filled the power vacuum left by the collapse of the western half of the Roman empire. In 411, they crossed the Rhine and established a kingdom at Worms. Amidst repeated clashes between the Romans and Huns, the Burgundian kingdom eventually occupied what is today the borderlands between Switzerland, France, and Italy. In 534, the Franks defeated Godomar, the last Burgundian king, and absorbed the territory into their growing empire. Its modern existence is rooted in the dissolution of the Frankish empire. When the dynastic dust had settled in 880s, there were three Burgundies: the kingdom of Upper Burgundy around Lake Geneva, the kingdom of Lower Burgundy in Provence, and the duchy of Burgundy in France. The two kingdoms of Burgundy were reunited in 937 and absorbed into the Holy Roman Empire under Conrad II in 1032, while the duchy of Burgundy was annexed by the French throne in 1004. During the Middle Ages, Burgundy was the seat of some of the most important Western churches and monasteries, among them Cluny, Citeaux, and Vézelay. During the Hundred Years' War, King Jean II of France gave the duchy to his younger son, rather than leaving it to his successor on the throne. The duchy soon became a major rival to the French throne, because the Dukes of Burgundy succeeded in assembling an empire stretching from Switzerland to the North Sea, mostly by marriage. The Burgundian Empire consisted of a number of fiefdoms on both sides of the (then largely symbolical) border between the French kingdom and the German Empire. Its economic heartland was in the Low Countries, particularly Flanders and Brabant. The court in Dijon outshone the French court by far both economically and culturally. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Burgundy provided a power base for the rise of the Habsburgs, after Maximilian of Austria had married into the ducal family. In 1477 the last duke Charles the Bold was killed in battle and Burgundy itself taken back by France. His daughter Mary and her husband Maximillian moved the court to Brussels and ruled the remnants of the empire (the Low Countries and Franche-Comté, then still a German fief) from there. See also: Duke of Burgundy

Wine

Main article: Burgundy wine Burgundy produces famous wines of the same name. The most well-known wines come from the Côte d'Or, although also viticulturally part of Burgundy are Beaujolais, Chablis, and Mâcon.

Geography

Highest point: Haut-Folin (901m) in the Morvan. The Canal of Burgundy joins the Rivers Yonne and Saône, allowing barges to navigate from the north to south of France. Construction began in 1765 and was completed in 1832. At the summit there is a tunnel 3.333 kilometers long in a straight line. The canal is 242 kilometers long, with a total 209 locks and crosses two counties of Burgundy, the Yonne and Cote d'Or. The canal is now mostly used for riverboat tourism; Dijon, the most important city along the canal, has a harbor for leisure boats.

Culture

Famous Burgundian dishes include coq au vin and beef bourguignon.

External links

- [http://seurre-21.site.voila.fr/index2.htm Seurre and the river Saone - Tourism and local life (French and English)]
- [http://www.midoritech.com/bourgogne/index.php?lang=en Burgundy] overview

- [http://www.vitalsudmorvan.org/parcdumorvan.html parc du morvan]
- [http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/bourgogne/zoom/ries/pdf/can00.pdf départements, arrondissements & cantons of Burgundy] (INSEE site)
- ja:ブルゴーニュ地域圏 simple:Burgundy

Somme River

The Somme is a river in Picardy, northern France. The river is 245 km long, from its source in the high ground of the former Forest of Arrouaise at Fonsommes near Saint-Quentin, to the Bay of the Somme, in the English Channel. It lies in the geological syncline which also forms The Solent. This gives it a fairly constant and gentle gradient.

Historical events

- The river is perhaps most famous as a result of the World War I Battle of the Somme (1916).
- The Invasion Fleet of William the Conqueror assembled in the Bay of the Somme at St. Valerie sur Somme, in 1066.
- The river featured in the 1346 withdrawal of Edward III's army, which culminated in the Battle of Crécy.
- Crossing the river also featured prominently in the campaign which led to the Battle of Agincourt some 501 years before the 1916 battle.
- The great battles which finally stopped the German advance in the Spring Offensive of 1918 were fought around the valley of the Somme in places like Villers Bretonneux, which marked the beginning of the end of the war.

Irony

The name Somme comes from a Celtic word meaning tranquility.

Hydrology

The river is characterized by a very gentle gradient and a steady flow. The valley is more or less steep-sided but its bottom is flat with fens and pools. These characteristics of steady flow and flooded valley bottom arise from the river's being fed by the ground water in the chalk basin in which it lies. At earlier, colder times, from the Günz to the Würm (Beestonian or Nebraskan to Devensian or Wisconsinian) the river has cut down into the Cretaceous geology to a level below the modern water table. The valley bottom has now therefore, filled with water which, in turn, has filled with fen. One of the fens, the Marais de l'Île is a nature reserve in the town of St.Quentin. The traditional market gardens of Amiens, the Hortillonages are on this sort of land but drained. Once exploited for peat cutting, the fen is now used for fishing and shooting. The construction of the Canal de la Somme began in 1770 and reached completion in 1843. It is 156 km long, beginning at St.Simon and opening into the Bay of the Somme. From St.Simon to Froissy (near Bray sur Somme, south of Albert), the canal is alongside the river. Thence to the sea, the river is partly river and partly navigation. From Abbeville, it is diverted through the silted, former estuary, to Saint-Valéry-sur-Somme, where the maritime canal, once called the canal du Duc d'Angoulême enters the English Channel. The St.Quentin Canal, famous for the 1918 battle, links the Somme to northern France and Belgium and southward to the Oise. The Canal du Nord also links the Somme to the Oise, at Noyon, thence to Paris. In 2001, the Somme valley was affected by particularly high floods, which were in large part, due to a rise in the water table of the surrounding land.

Flow-rate data (external links)

Monthly flow rates (mean over 43 years)

Catchment area 5560 km².
- [http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Synthese.php?StaCode=E6470910 at Abbeville].

Daily flow rates compared with mean rates for the time of year at Hangest-sur-Somme (m³/s)

Catchment area 4835 km².
- for the year - [http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Entre2Gene.php?StaCode=E6440910&Annee=1993 1993].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Entre2Gene.php?StaCode=E6440910&Annee=1994 1994]. [http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Entre2Gene.php?StaCode=E6440910&Annee=1995 1995]. [http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Entre2Gene.php?StaCode=E6440910&Annee=1996 1996]. [http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Entre2Gene.php?StaCode=E6440910&Annee=1997 1997]. [http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Entre2Gene.php?StaCode=E6440910&Annee=1998 1998]. [http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Entre2Gene.php?StaCode=E6440910&Annee=1999 1999]. [http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Entre2Gene.php?StaCode=E6440910&Annee=2000 2000].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Entre2Gene.php?StaCode=E6440910&Annee=2001 2001].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Entre2Gene.php?StaCode=E6440910&Annee=2002 2002].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Entre2Gene.php?StaCode=E6440910&Annee=2003 2003].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Entre2Gene.php?StaCode=E6440910&Annee=2004 2004].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Entre2Gene.php?StaCode=E6440910&Annee=2005 2005].

Mean flow rates monthly and daily at Péronne (m³/s)

Catchment area 1294 km².
- for the year - [http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=1986 1986].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=1987 1987].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=1988 1988].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=1989 1989].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=1990 1990].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=1991 1991].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=1992 1992].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=1993 1993].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=1994 1994].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=1995 1995].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=1996 1996].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=1997 1997].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=1998 1998].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=1999 1999].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=2000 2000].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=2001 2001].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=2002 2002].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=2003 2003].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=2004 2004].[http://hydro.rnde.tm.fr/Traitement/Qjm.php?StaCode=E6351410&Annee=2005 2005].

Reference

- Delattre, Ch., Mériaux, E. and Waterlot, M. Guides Géologiques Régionaux: Région du Nord, Flandre Artois Boulonnais Picardie (1973) Somme

Philip, the Good

Philip III, Duke of Burgundy (Philip the Good or Philippe le Bon) (July 31, 1396 – June 15, 1467) was Duke of Burgundy from 1419 until his death. He was a member of a cadet line of the Valois dynasty (the then Royal family of France). Valois] Born in Dijon, he was son of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria-Straubing. As heir apparent, he was Count of Charolais 1404–1419. He married in Paris in June 1409 Michelle de Valois (1395–1422), daughter of Charles VI of France and Isabeau of Bavaria, and again in Moulins-les-Engelbert on November 30, 1424 Bonne of Artois (1393–1425), daughter of Philip of Artois, Count of Eu, also his uncle's widow. His third marriage, in Bruges on January 7, 1430 with Isabella of Portugal (1397–1472), daughter of John I of Portugal and Philippa of Lancaster, produced three sons:
- Antoine (September 30, 1430, Brussels – February 5, 1432, Brussels), Count of Charolais
- Joseph (April 24, 1432 – aft. May 6, 1432), Count of Charolais
- Charles (1433–1477), Count of Charolais and Philip's successor as Duke He became duke when his father was assassinated in 1419. Philip accused Charles, the Dauphin of France (his brother-in-law) of planning the murder of his father, which took place during a meeting between the two at Montereau, and in 1420 Philip allied himself with Henry V of England under the Treaty of Troyes. In 1423 the alliance was strengthened by the marriage of his sister Anne to John, Duke of Bedford, regent for Henry VI of England. In 1430 Philip's troops captured Joan of Arc at Compiègne and later handed her over to the English, who orchestrated a heresy trial against her. The alliance with England was broken in 1435 when Philip attacked Calais and, under the terms of the Treaty of Arras, recognized Charles VII as king of France. This alliance was broken in 1439, and in 1440 he supported the revolt of the French nobles (an event known as "the Praguerie") and sheltered the Dauphin Louis. Philip preferred to expand his own territory rather than become directly involved in the Hundred Years' War. He incorporated Namur into Burgundian territory in 1421 (by purchase from John III, Marquis of Namur), Hainault and Holland, Friesland and Zeeland in 1432 (with the defeat of Countess Jacqueline in the last episode of the Hook and Cod wars), Brabant in 1430 (at the demise of his cousin), and Luxembourg in 1443 from Elisabeth of Bohemia, Duchess of Luxembourg. In 1435, he began to style himself "Grand Duke of the West". 1435 Philip was considered an extravagant ruler who embodied the qualities of chivalry. He declined membership in the English Order of the Garter in 1422, but created his own order in 1430, the Order of the Golden Fleece, supposedly based on the Knights of the Round Table. He had no fixed capital and set up court in various places, usually Brussels, Bruges, or Lille. He held grand feasts to show off his power to his subjects, and the knights of his Order frequently travelled through his territory participating in tournaments. In 1454 he also planned a crusade against the Ottoman Empire, but this plan never materialized. He was also a patron of the arts, commissioning many tapestries and other works of art. It was during his reign that the Burgundian chapel became the musical center of Europe, with the activity of the Burgundian School of composers and singers. Gilles Binchois, Robert Morton, and later Guillaume Dufay, the most famous composer of the 15th century, were all part of the court chapel of Philip III. In 1428 Jan van Eyck travelled to Portugal to paint King John I's daughter Isabella before Philip married her. With help from more experienced Portuguese shipbuilders Philip established a shipyard in Bruges. Roger van der Weyden painted his portrait (illustration, above left) wearing the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece. In 1463 Philip returned some of his territory to Louis XI. That year he also created an Estates-General on the French model. Philip died in Bruges in 1467 and was succeeded by his son Charles.

External links

- [http://dijoon.free.fr/bestof/philgood.htm Brief Profile] - Contains a short biography of Philip, from "The Best of Dijon".
- [http://www.ehistory.com/middleages/PeopleView.cfm?PID=311 EHistory page] - Short sketch of the Duke's life, from E-History.com.
- [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/journals/EH/EH33/tabri33.html The Funeral of Duke Philip the Good] - Text by Edward A. Tabri, from the Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia.
- [http://dijoon.free.fr/bestof/tombdukes.htm The tomb of Philip the Good] - Article and photo from "The Best of Dijon".
- [http://archive.joan-of-arc.org/joanofarc_letter_June_1429.html Joan of Arc's First Letter to Philip] - Mention of a letter dictated by Joan of Arc to Duke Philip in June of 1429, translated by Allen Williamson.
- [http://archive.joan-of-arc.org/joanofarc_letter_july_17_1429.html Joan of Arc's Second Letter to Philip] - Translation by Allen Williamson of a letter dictated by Joan of Arc to Duke Philip on 17 July 1429.
- [http://www.wga.hu/tours/gothic/history/philip3.html Philip III] - Article from the Web Gallery of Art. Philip the Good Philip the Good Philip the Good Philip the Good Philip the Good Philip the Good Philip the Good Philip the Good

April 12

April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). There are 263 days remaining.

Events

- 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire
- 1606 - The Union Jack is adopted as the national flag of Great Britain.
- 1633 - The formal interrogation by the Inquisition of Galileo Galilei begins.
- 1861 - American Civil War: The war begins with Confederate forces firing on Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Fort Pillow massacre -- Confederate forces under General Nathan Bedford Forrest kill most of the African American soldiers who had surrendered at Fort Pillow, Tennessee
- 1865 - American Civil War: Mobile, Alabama, falls to the Union Army.
- 1877 - The United Kingdom annexes the Transvaal.
- 1923 - Kandersteg International Scout Centre came into existence.
- 1926 - By a vote of 45 to 41, the United States Senate unseats Iowa Senator Smith W. Brookhart and seats Daniel F. Steck, after Brookhart had already served for over one year.
- 1937 - Sir Frank Whittle ground-tests the first jet engine designed to power an aircraft, at the British Thomson-Houston factory in Rugby, England
- 1945 - President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies, and Harry S. Truman is inaugurated as the 33rd President of the United States.
- 1946 - Syria gains independence from France.
- 1954 - Bill Haley and His Comets record "Rock Around the Clock" in New York City. Initially unsuccessful, the recording would help launch the Rock and Roll revolution a year later.
- 1955 - The polio vaccine, developed by Dr. Jonas Salk, is declared safe and effective.
- 1961 - Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man to fly in space.
- 1968 - Nerve gas accident at Skull Valley, Utah.
- 1975 - Khmer Rouge troops capture Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
- 1980 - Terry Fox began his trans-Canada marathon to raise money for cancer research (Marathon of Hope) by dipping his artificial leg in the Atlantic Ocean at St. John's, Newfoundland, aiming to dip it again in the Pacific Ocean at Vancouver, British Columbia.
- 1981 - The first launch of a Space Shuttle: Columbia launches on the STS-1 mission.
- 1984- LiSARS is created
- 1989 - TV Show Fast Forward starts on The ATN-7 Network (Australia).
- 1990 - Christian Bernard, F.R.C., becomes Imperator of AMORC.
- 1992 - Euro Disneyland opens in Marne-la-Vallee, France.
- 1994 - Canter & Siegel post the first commercial mass Usenet spam.
- 1998 - Catastrophical earthquake in Slovenia in Posočje 5,6 on the Richter scale.
- 2002 - Coup d'Etat against Hugo Chávez in Venezuela.
- 2005 - In Canada, a motion by the opposition Conservative Party to kill legislation opening the door for legalized same sex marriage is defeated 164-132.

Births

599 BC to 1899

- 599 BC - Mahavira, Indian founder of Jainism (d. 527 BC)
- 812 - Muhammad at-Taqi, Arabian Shia Imam (d. 835)
- 1484 - Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Italian architect (d. 1546)
- 1500 - Joachim Camerarius, German classical scholar (d. 1574)
- 1526 - Muretus, French humanist (d. 1585)
- 1550 - Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, English politician (d. 1604)
- 1577 - King Christian IV of Denmark (d. 1648)
- 1713 - Guillaume Thomas François Raynal, French writer (d. 1796)
- 1722 - Pietro Nardini, Italian composer (d. 1793)
- 1724 - Lyman Hall, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1790)
- 1726 - Charles Burney, English music historian (d. 1814)
- 1748 - Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, French botanist (d. 1836)
- 1777 - Henry Clay, American statesman and five-time Presidential candidate (d. 1852)
- 1799 - Henri Druey, Swiss Federal Councilor (d. 1855)
- 1823 - Alexandr Ostrovsky, Russian dramatist (d. 1886)
- 1839 - Nikolai Przhevalsky, Russian explorer (d. 1888)
- 1856 - William Martin Conway, English art critic and mountaineer (d. 1937)
- 1869 - Henri Désiré Landru, French serial killer (d. 1922)
- 1884 - Otto Meyerhof, German-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1951)
- 1887 - Harold Lockwood, American silent film actor (d. 1918)
- 1888 - Heinrich Neuhaus, Soviet pianist (d. 1964)
- 1892 - Johnny Dodds, American jazz clarinetist (d. 1940)
- 1893 - Robert Harron, American actor (d. 1920)
- 1898 - Lily Pons, American soprano (d. 1976)

1900 to 1999

- 1902 - Louis Beel, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1977)
- 1903 - Sally Rand, American dancer and actress (d. 1979)
- 1903 - Jan Tinbergen, Dutch economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994)
- 1907 - Felix de Weldon, Austrian-born sculptor (d. 2003)
- 1908 - Lionel Hampton, American musician (d. 2002)
- 1912 - Walt Gorney, American actor (d. 2004)
- 1916 - Beverly Cleary, American writer
- 1917 - Helen Forrest, American singer (d. 1999)
- 1922 - Tiny Tim, American musician (d. 1996)
- 1923 - Ann Miller, American actress and dancer (d. 2004)
- 1928 - Hardy Krüger, German actor
- 1928 - Jean-François Paillard, French conductor
- 1932 - Dennis Banks, American activist
- 1932 - Lakshman Kadirgamar, Sri Lankan Politician (assassinated) (d. 2005)
- 1933 - Montserrat Caballé, Catalan soprano
- 1939 - Alan Ayckbourn, English writer
- 1940 - Herbie Hancock, American pianist and composer
- 1941 - Bobby Moore, English footballer (d. 1993)
- 1944 - John Kay, German-born musician (Steppenwolf)
- 1946 - Ed O'Neill, American actor
- 1947 - Tom Clancy, American author
- 1947 - David Letterman, American talk show host
- 1948 - Jeremy Beadle, British television presenter
- 1948 - Joschka Fischer, Foreign Minister of Germany
- 1948 - Sandra "Lois" Reeves, American singer (Martha & the Vandellas)
- 1949 - Scott Turow, American writer
- 1950 - David Cassidy, American singer and actor
- 1950 - Kari Palaste, Finnish architect
- 1952 - Ralph Wiley, American sports journalist (d. 2004)
- 1954 - Pat Travers, Canadian musician
- 1956 - Andy Garcia, Cuban-born actor
- 1956 - Herbert Grönemeyer, German singer, pianist, and actor
- 1957 - Vince Gill, American musician
- 1961 - Lisa Gerrard, Australian singer and film composer
- 1962 - Art Alexakis, American musician (Everclear)
- 1964 - Amy Ray, American musician (Indigo Girls)
- 1970 - Nick Hexum, American musician (311)
- 1971 - Nicholas Brendon, actor
- 1971 - Shannen Doherty, American actress
- 1978 - Guy Berryman, British musician (Coldplay)
- 1978 - Riley Smith, American actor
- 1979 - Claire Danes, American actress
- 1979 - Mateja Kežman, Serbian footballer
- 1982 - Deen, Bosnian singer
- 1985 - Hitomi Yoshizawa, Japanese singer (Morning Musume)

Deaths

65 to 1899

- 65 - Seneca the Younger, Roman philosopher, statesman and dramatist
- 238 - Gordian I, Roman Emperor (suicide)
- 238 - Gordian II, heir to the Roman Empire (killed in battle)
- 1443 - Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury
- 1550 - Claude, Duke of Guise, French soldier (b. 1496)
- 1555 - Juana of Castile, queen of Philip I of Castile (b. 1479)
- 1687 - Ambrose Dixon, Virginia Colony pioneer
- 1704 - Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, French bishop and writer (b. 1627)
- 1748 - William Kent, English architect
- 1782 - Metastasio, Italian poet and librettist (b. 1698)
- 1788 - Carlo Antonio Campioni, French-born composer (b. 1719)
- 1795 - Johann Kaspar Basselet von La Rosée, Bavarian general (b. 1710)
- 1814 - Charles Burney, English music historian (b. 1726)
- 1850 - Adoniram Judson, American Baptist missionary (b. 1788)

1900 to 1999

- 1912 - Clara Barton, American nurse and Red Cross advocate (b. 1821)
- 1938 - Feodor Chaliapin, Russian bass (b. 1873)
- 1945 - Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States (b. 1882)
- 1962 - Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya, Indian politician and engineer (b. 1861)
- 1971 - Igor Tamm, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1895)
- 1975 - Josephine Baker, American dancer (b. 1906)
- 1980 - Clark McConachy, New Zealand billiards and snooker player (b. 1895)
- 1980 - William R. Tolbert, Jr., President of Liberia (b. 1913)
- 1981 - Joe Louis, American boxer (b. 1914)
- 1986 - Valentin Kataev, Russian writer (b. 1897)
- 1988 - Alan Paton, South African novelist (b. 1903)
- 1989 - Gerald Flood, British actor (b. 1927)
- 1989 - Abbie Hoffman, American radical leader (b. 1936)
- 1989 - Sugar Ray Robinson, American boxer (b. 1921)
- 1997 - George Wald, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1903)
- 1999 - Boxcar Willie, American singer (b. 1931)

2000 onwards

- 2003 - Cecil H. Green, American manufacturer (b. 1900)

Holidays and observances

- The Roman holiday of Cerealia begins.
- Yuri's Night, an international celebration of the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin.
- Easter, 1998

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/12 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/4/12 Today in History: April 12] ---- From "Lines in Praise of a Date Made Praiseworthy Solely by Something Very Nice That Happened to It", by Ogden Nash: :"As through the calendar I delve :I pause to rejoice in April twelve. :Yea, be I in sickness or be I in health :My favorite date is April twealth. :..." ---- April 11 - April 13 - March 12 - May 12 -- listing of all days ko:4월 12일 ms:12 April ja:4月12日 simple:April 12 th:12 เมษายน

1465

Events

- July 13 - Battle of Montlhéry Troops of King Louis XI of France fight inconclusively against an army of the great nobles organized as the League of the Public Weal.
- Charles VIII of Sweden is deposed. Clergyman Kettil Karlsson Vasa becomes Regent of Sweden.
- August 11- Regent Kettil Karlsson Vasa dies and is succeeded by Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna.
- Amadeus IX of Savoy becomes Duke of Savoy
- Former King Henry VI of England is captured by Yorkist forces and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Queen consort Margaret of Anjou and the Prince of Wales Edward of Westminster had fled to France.

Births

- December 11 - Ashikaga Yoshihisa, Japanese shogun (died 1489)
- Bernardo Accolti, Italian poet (died 1536)
- Francisco Alvarez, Portuguese missionary and explorer (died 1541)
- Hector Boece, Scottish historian (died 1536)
- William Cornysh, English composer (died 1523)
- Mercurino Gattinara, Italian statesman and jurist (died 1530)
- Konrad Peutinger, German humanist and antiquarian (died 1547)
- Philibert I of Savoy (died 1482)
- Selim I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire (died 1520)
- Johann Tetzel, German Dominican priest (died 1519)
- Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, Spanish conquistador (died 1524)

Deaths

- January 5 - Charles, duc d'Orléans, French poet (born 1394)
- January 14 - Thomas Beckington, English statesman and prelate
- August 11 - Kettil Karlsson, regent of Sweden
- Isabella of Bourbon, wife of Charles the Bold (born 1436)
- John Hardyng, English chronicler (born 1378)
- Louis of Savoy (born 1413) Category:1465 ko:1465년

1466

Events

- Chimú Empire conquered by troops of the Inca
- End of term for Regent of Sweden Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna. He is replaced by Erik Axelsson Tott.
- 19 October - The Thirteen Years' War ended with the Second Treaty of Toruń. Gdansk Pomerania and Prussia as a whole was incorporated into Poland; the Teutonic Knights were allowed to rule its eastern part as Polish vassals.

Births

- February 11 - Elizabeth of York, queen of Henry VII of England (died 1503)
- June 18 - Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian music printer (died 1539)
- September 9 - Ashikaga Yoshitane, Japanese shogun (died 1523)
- October 27 - Erasmus, Dutch philosopher (died 1536)
- November 30 - Andrea Doria, Italian naval leader (died 1560)
- Francesco II of Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua (died 1519)
- Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlán (died 1520)
- Alonso de Ojeda, Spanish conquistador and explorer (died 1515)

Deaths

- December 13 - Donatello, Italian artist (born 1386)
- Benedetto Accolti, Italian jurist and historian (born 1415)
- Johann Fust, German printer
- Francesco I Sforza, Duke of Milan (born 1401) Category:1466 ko:1466년 simple:1466

Champagne, France

Champagne is one of the traditional provinces of France, a region of France that is best known for the production of the sparkling white wine that bears the region's name. Champagne is now part of the French administrative region of Champagne-Ardenne.

History

Until 1284 the County of Champagne was in essence an independent territory, whose count nominally owed fealty to the king of France.

The Champagne fairs

The Champagne fairs and spanning the year from January to October in cities of Lagny, Provins, Troyes and Bar-sur-Aube. At their height, in the 13th century, the Champagne fairs linked the cloth-producing cities of the Low Countries with the Italian dyeing and exporting centers. The fairs, which were already well-organized at the start of the century, were one of the earliest manifestations of a linked European economy, which characterizes the High Middle Ages. The towns provided huge warehouses (still to be seen at Provins). From the north came woollens and linen cloth. From the south came pepper and other spices, drugs, coinage and new conceptions of credit and bookkeeping. Goods converged from Spain, travelling along the well-established pilgrim route from Santiago de Compostela, and from Germany. Once the cloth sales had been concluded, the reckoning of credit at the tables (banche) of Italian money-changers effected compensatory payments for goods, established future payments on credit, made loans to princes and lords, and settled bills of exchange, which were generally worded to expire at one of the Champagne fairs. Italian credit was able to exploit every exchange in the process, and Italian cloth merchants, depending on the northern production for their trade in the Levant, became the great bankers of the later Middle Ages. It was to the interest of the Count of Champagne, virtually independent of his nominal suzerain, the King of France, to extend the liberties and prerogatives of the towns. Traditional historians have dated the decline of the Champagne fairs to the conquest of Champagne by Philip the Bold in 1273 and its inclusion within the Crown of France by Philip IV in 1284. A sea route had been established, inaugurated by the first appearance of Genoese ships in Antwerp in 1277.

Ponthieu

Ponthieu is a former province of northern France. Its chief town is Abbeville.

History

Ponthieu was part of the Duchy of Normandy from 911 and played a small but important role in the politics that led up to the Norman invasion of England in 1066. Harold Godwinson, or Harold II of England was shipwrecked at Ponthieu, Normandy in 1064 and taken captive by Guy (or Wido according to the Bayeux Tapestry) who was the then Count of Ponthieu. It is alleged that William (Duke of Normandy - later William I of England) discovering that Harold had been taken captive, sent messengers ordering Count Guy to hand over his prisoner. William then forced Harold to swear to support his claim to the throne, only revealing after the event that the box on which Harold had made his oath contained holy relics, making the promise especially binding. In 1067 the chaplain of Duchess Matilda, Gin de Ponthieu, Bishop of Amiens, composed a Latin poem on the battle of Hastings. In 1150 the Count of Ponthieu built a fortress for himself at Crotoy, a strategic point on the mouth of the river Somme.

The Hundred Years' War

During the Hundred Years' War, Ponthieu changed hands a number of times, (although the English claimed control of it from 1279-1369, and then later until 1435). During English control of Ponthieu, Abbeville was used as the capital. In late August of 1346, during his campaigns on French soil, Edward III of England reached the region of Ponthieu. While there he restored the fortress at Crotoy that had been ruined. The army led by Philip IV of France catches up with him at nearby Crécy-en-Ponthieu, leading to the famous battle. In 1360, the Treaty of Bretigny between King John II of France and Edward III of England gave control of Ponthieu over to the English, (along with Gascony and Calais) in exchange for Edward relinquishing his claim to the French throne. Edward took the land but still refused to surrender his claim. In April, 1369 Charles V of France conquers Ponthieu, and a month later declares war on England (he had done so previously in 1368 as well). As a result, Edward publically reassumes the title 'King of France' in June. In 1372 an English army under the leadership of Robert Knolles invades Ponthieu, burning the city of Crotoy before crossing the Somme at the ford of Blanquetaque. Also during the Hundred Years' War; in 1435, Charles VII of France bribed Philippe le Bon, Duke of Burgundy, to break his alliance with the English in exchange for posession of Ponthieu. This arguably marked a turning point leading to the end of England's part in the conflict 40 years later.

External links

- [http://web.genealogie.free.fr/Les_dynasties/Les_dynasties_celebres/France/Dynastie_de_Ponthieu.htm Dynasty of Ponthieu] - in French

Note: This site says Guy I is brother of Enguerrand II 
(which matches other research) and which I use above, but it 
fails to connect "Robert II of Alencon" with "Robert de Belleme".

- [http://www.geocities.com/missourimule_2000/countsofponthieu.html?200524#Family:%20William%20IV,%20Count%20of%20Ponthieu Counts of Ponthieu, genealogy] - not necessarily reliable
- [http://www.btinternet.com/~timeref/thr00013.htm Hundred Years' War timeline]
- [http://history.boisestate.edu/hy309/France/timelinefrance.htm Detailed Hundred Years' War timeline] Category:Former provinces of France

Dinant

Dinant is a municipality located on the River Meuse in the Belgian province of Namur, in Wallonia. On January 1st, 2005 Dinant had a total population of 12,907. The total area is 99.80 km² which gives a population density of 129.33 inhabitants per km². Its strategic location on the Meuse exposed Dinant to battle and pillage, not always by avowed enemies: in 1466, Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, and his son Charles the Bold punished an uprising in Dinant by casting 800 burghers into the Meuse and setting fire to the city. The city's economic rival was Bouvignes, downriver on the opposite shore of the Meuse. Late Medieval Dinant and Bouvignes specialized in metalwork, producing finely cast and finished objects in a silvery brass alloy, called dinanderie and supplying aquamaniles, candlesticks, patens and other altar furniture throughout the Meuse valley (giving these objects their cautious designation "Mosan"), the Rhineland and beyond. Henri Pirenne gained his doctorate in 1883 with a thesis on medieval Dinant. The city's landmark is the Collegiate Church of Notre-Dame (ilustration, right), rebuilt in Gothic style on its old foundations after a rockfall from the cliff face it abuts partially destroyed the former Romanesque church in 1227. Several stages for paired west end towers were completed before the project was abandoned in favor of the present central tower with its highly-recognizable onion dome and facetted multi-staged lantern. Above the church rises the vertical flank of the rocher surmounted by the fortified Citadel that was first built in the 11th century to control the Meuse valley. The Prince-Bishops of Liège rebuilt and enlarged it in 1530; the French destroyed it in 1703. Its present aspect, with the rock-hewn stairs (408 steps), is due to rebuilding in 1821, during the United Kingdom of the Netherlands phase of Dinant's checkered history. Further fighting took place during the World War I: among the wounded was Lieut. Charles de Gaulle. Apart from the main block is the Rocher Bayard that would have been split by the giant hoof of Bayard, the horse carrying the four sons of Aymon on their legendary flight from Charlemagne through the Ardennes, told in a famous 12th-century chanson de geste. chanson de geste]

Culture

- The Flamiche is the local version of quiche
- The couque is Europe's hardest biscuit (American "cookie"), with a honey-sweetened flavor that is impressed with a carved wooden mold before baking.

Born in Dinant:

- Joachim Patenier, 1485 - 1524, painter
- Adolphe Sax, inventor of the saxophone.

External links

- [http://www.dinant.be/ Official web site]
- [http://www.citadellededinant.be/gb/photos.htm Citadel of Dinant: Official web site] Category:Municipalities of Namur Category:Cities and towns in Belgium

August 25

August 25 is the 237th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (238th in leap years), with 128 days remaining.

Events

- 1537 - The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, is formed.
- 1580 - Battle of Alcantara. Spain defeats Portugal.
- 1609 - Galileo Galilei demonstrates his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers.
- 1718 - New Orleans, Louisiana is founded.
- 1758 - Seven Years War: Frederick II of Prussia defeats the Russian army at the Battle of Zorndorf.
- 1768 - James Cook begins his first voyage.
- 1825 - Uruguay declares its independence from Spain.
- 1830 - Belgium revolts from the Netherlands
- 1835 - The New York Sun perpetrates the Great Moon Hoax.
- 1875 - Matthew Webb becomes the first person to swim the English Channel.
- 1894 - Shibasaburo Kitasato discovers the infectious agent of the bubonic plague and publishes his findings in The Lancet.
- 1910 - Yellow Cab is founded.
- 1912 - The Kuomintang, the Chinese nationalist party, is founded.
- 1916 - The United States National Park Service is created.
- 1920 - Polish-Soviet War: Battle of Warsaw, started on August 13, now ends. The Red Army is defeated.
- 1942 - World War II: Battle of Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea
- 1944 - World War II: Paris is liberated by the Allies.
- 1946 - Ben Hogan wins the PGA Championship.
- 1950 - President Harry Truman orders the US Army to seize control of the nation's railroads to avert a strike.
- 1960 - Games of the XVII Olympiad open in Rome.
- 1975 - Bruce Springsteen releases Born to Run, the album that would launch him to superstardom.
- 1980 - Microsoft announces their version of UNIX, Xenix.
- 1980 - The Broadway musical 42nd Street opens; the show's director, Gower Champion, had died earlier that day.
- 1988 - The historical center of Lisbon is destroyed by a fire.
- 1989 - Tadeusz Mazowiecki chosen as the first non-communist Prime Minister in Central and Eastern Europe.
- 1989 - Voyager 2 spacecraft flies by Neptune, the last major planet it could visit before leaving the Solar System.
- 1989 - Mayumi Moriyama becomes Japan's first female cabinet secretary.
- 1991 - Linus Torvalds first says in a post to the comp.os.minix newsgroup that he is working on a new free computer operating system.
- 1991 - Belarus declares independence from the Soviet Union
- 2003 - The Tli Cho land claims agreement is signed between the Dogrib First Nations and the Canadian federal government in Rae-Edzo, Northwest Territories.
- 2003 - Fifty-two are killed in two Islamic terrorist bomb blasts in Mumbai, India.
- 2005 - Tom Boonen wins the World Championship cycling in Madrid, Spain.
- 2005 - Hurricane Katrina makes landfall on the Miami-Dade/Broward county line, hours after reaching hurricane strength.

Births

- 1530 - Tsar Ivan IV of Russia (d. 1584)
- 1561 - Philippe van Lansberge, Dutch astronomer (d. 1632)
- 1624 - François de la Chaise, French confessor of Louis XIV of France (d. 1709)
- 1635 - Sir Henry Morgan, Welsh privateer (d. 1688)
- 1662 - John Leverett the Younger, American President of Harvard (d. 1724)
- 1719 - Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo, French painter (d. 1795)
- 1724 - George Stubbs, British painter (d. 1806)
- 1744 - Johann Gottfried Herder, German writer (d. 1803)
- 1767 - Antoine Louis Léon de Richebourg de Saint-Just, French revolutionary and writer (d. 1794)
- 1772 - King William I of the Netherlands (d. 1843)
- 1786 - King Ludwig I of Bavaria (d. 1868)
- 1796 - James Lick, California land baron (d. 1876)
- 1802 - Nikolaus Lenau, Austrian poet (d. 1850)
- 1819 - Allan Pinkerton, American private detective (d. 1884)
- 1836 - Bret Harte, American writer (d. 1902)
- 1841 - Emil Kocher, Swiss medical researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1917)
- 1845 - King Ludwig II of Bavaria (d. 1886)
- 1850 - Charles Richet, French scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1935)
- 1882 - Sean O'Kelly, President of Ireland (d. 1966)
- 1898 - Helmut Hasse, German mathematican (d. 1975)
- 1900 - Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, German physician and biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1981)
- 1902 - Stefan Wolpe, German-born composer (d. 1972)
- 1909 - Ruby Keeler, Canadian singer and actress (d. 1993)
- 1909 - Michael Rennie, English actor (d. 1971)
- 1912 - Erich Honecker, head of state of East Germany (d. 1994)
- 1913 - Walt Kelly, American cartoonist (d. 1973)
- 1916 - Van Johnson, American actor
- 1916 - Frederick Chapman Robbins, American pediatrician and virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2003)
- 1917 - Mel Ferrer, American actor
- 1918 - Leonard Bernstein, American conductor and composer (d. 1990)
- 1918 - Richard Greene, English actor (d. 1985)
- 1919 - George Wallace, Governor of Alabama (d. 1998)
- 1921 - Monty Hall, Canadian-born game show host
- 1921 - Brian Moore, Irish-born writer (d. 1999)
- 1927 - Althea Gibson, American tennis player (d. 2003)
- 1928 - Herbert Kroemer, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1930 - Sir Sean Connery, Scottish actor
- 1931 - Regis Philbin, American television host
- 1933 - Wayne Shorter, American musician
- 1933 - Tom Skerritt, American actor
- 1935 - Charles Wright, American poet
- 1938 - David Canary, American actor
- 1938 - Frederick Forsyth, English author
- 1939 - John Badham, American film director
- 1940 - José Van Dam, Belgian baritone
- 1944 - Anthony Heald, American actor
- 1946 - Rollie Fingers, baseball player
- 1947 - Anne Archer, American actress
- 1949 - Martin Amis, English novelist
- 1949 - John Savage, American actor
- 1949 - Gene Simmons, Israeli-born bassist
- 1951 - Rob Halford, English singer (Judas Priest)
- 1952 - Peter Wolf, American singer and composer
- 1954 - Elvis Costello, English musician
- 1958 - Tim Burton, American film director, producer, and screenwriter
- 1961 - Billy Ray Cyrus, American singer
- 1962 - David Packer, American actor
- 1964 - Maxim Kontsevich, Russian mathematician
- 1964 - Blair Underwood, American actor
- 1968 - Rafet El Roman, Turkish singer and composer
- 1968 - Stuart Murdoch, Scottish musician (Belle & Sebastian)
- 1968 - Rachael Ray, American cook and television host
- 1969 - Cameron Mathison, Canadian actor
- 1970 - Claudia Schiffer, German model
- 1972 - Marvin Harrison, American football player
- 1981 - Rachel Bilson, American actress
- 1987 - Stacey Farber, Canadian actress

Deaths

- 383 - Gratian, Roman Emperor (b. 359)
- 1192 - Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1142)
- 1270 - King Louis IX of France
- 1282 - Thomas Cantilupe, English saint
- 1330 - James Douglas, Scottish soldier (b. 1286)
- 1482 - Margaret of Anjou, queen of Henry VI of England (b. 1429)
- 1554 - Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, English politician (b. 1473)
- 1632 - Thomas Dekker, English dramatist
- 1650 - Richard Crashaw, English poet
- 1688 - Henry Morgan, Welsh privateer
- 1699 - King Christian V of Denmark (b. 1646)
- 1711 - Edward Villiers, 1st Earl of Jersey, English politician
- 1742 - Carlos Seixas, Portuguese composer (b. 1704)
- 1774 - Niccolò Jommelli, Italian composer (b. 1714)
- 1776 - David Hume, Scottish philosopher and historian (b. 1711)
- 1792 - Jacques Cazotte, French writer (b. 1719)
- 1822 - William Herschel, German-born astronomer (b. 1738)
- 1867 - Michael Faraday, English scientist (b. 1791)
- 1900 - Friedrich Nietzsche, German philosopher (b. 1844)
- 1900 - Kuroda Kiyotaka, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1840)
- 1904 - Henri Fantin-Latour, French painter (b. 1836)
- 1908 - Henri Becquerel, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)
- 1925 - Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, Austro-Hungarian field marshal (b. 1852)
- 1938 - Aleksandr Kuprin, Russian writer (b. 1870)
- 1942 - George Edward Alexander Windsor, Duke of Kent (b. 1902)
- 1945 - John Birch, American intelligence officer and missionary (b. 1918)
- 1967 - Stanley Bruce, eighth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1883)
- 1967 - Paul Muni, Polish actor (b. 1895)
- 1967 - George Lincoln Rockwell, American Nazi Party leader (b. 1918)
- 1971 - Ted Lewis, American musician and entertainer (b. 1890)
- 1976 - Eyvind Johnson, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1900)
- 1979 - Stan Kenton, American musician and bandleader (b. 1911)
- 1980 - Gower Champion, American dancer, actor, and choreographer (b. 1919)
- 1984 - Truman Capote, American author (b. 1924)
- 1984 - Waite Hoyt, baseball player (b. 1899)
- 1985 - Samantha Smith, American social activist and actress (plane crash) (b. 1972)
- 1990 - Morley Callaghan, Canadian writer (b. 1903)
- 2000 - Carl Barks, American cartoonist (b. 1901)
- 2001 - Aaliyah, American singer (plane crash) (b. 1979)
- 2002 - Dorothy Hewett, Australian writer (b. 1923)
- 2005 - Peter Glotz, German social democrat (b. 1939)

Holidays and observances

- Roman festivals - Opiconsivia held in honor of Ops.
- RC Saints - Genesius of Arles, Saint Louis IX of France, Saint Joseph Calasanz
- Uruguay - National Day (independence from Brazil in 1825).
- Philippines - National Heroes' Day.

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/25 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.britannica.com/eb/dailycontent?month=8&day=25 Encyclopædia Britannica: This Day in History] ---- August 24 - August 26 - July 25 - September 25 -- listing of all days ko:8월 25일 ms:25 Ogos ja:8月25日 simple:August 25 th:25 สิงหาคม

1466

Events

Births

Deaths

Bishopric of Liège

The Bishopric of Liège or Prince-Bishopric of Liège was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in present Belgium. It was headed by the Prince-Bishop of Liège. Its territory included most of the present Belgian provinces of Liège and Limburg, and some exclaves in other parts of Belgium and the Netherlands. The capital was Liège. The bishop of Liège received secular powers over part of the diocese of Liège in the 10th century. The bishopric was expanded with the county of Bouillon in 1096 (ceded to France in 1678), the county of Loon (in French: Looz) in 1366 and the county of Horne (near Weert, Netherlands) in 1568. The bishopric of Liège was not part of the Seventeen Provinces or the Southern Netherlands, but its politics were influenced by the dukes of Burgundy and later the Habsburgs. The bishopric was dissolved in 1795, when it was conquered by France. Its territory was divided over the départements Meuse-Inférieure and Ourthe. The most important cities (bonnes villes) of the bishopric were Liège, Beringen, Bilzen, Borgloon, Bree, Châtelet, Ciney, Couvin, Dinant, Fosses-la-Ville, Hamont, Hasselt, Herk-de-Stad, Huy, Maaseik, Peer, Sint-Truiden, Stokkem, Thuin, Tongeren, Verviers, Visé and Waremme. The city Maastricht fell under the joint jurisdiction of the Prince-Bishop of Liège and the Duke of Brabant (later the Estates-General of the United Provinces).

Origin

The first capital of this diocese was Tongeren, northeast of Liège; its territory originally belonged to the Diocese of Trier, then to Cologne; but after the first half of the fourth century Tongeren received autonomous organization. The boundaries were those of the Civitas Tungrorum, and they remained unchanged until 1559. These boundaries were, on the north, the Diocese of Utrecht; east, that of Cologne; south, the Dioceses of Trier and Reims; west, that of Cambrai. Thus the diocese of Tongeren extended from France, in the neighbourhood of Chimay, to Stavelot, Aachen, Gladbach, and Venlo, and from the banks of the Semois as far as Ekeren, near Antwerp, to the middle of the Isle of Tholen and beyond Moerdijk, so that it included both Latin and Germanic populations. In 1559, its 1636 parishes were grouped in eight archdeaconries, and twenty-eight councils, chrétientés, or deaneries. Some trace the bishops of Tongeren to the first century, but the first Bishop was St. Servais, installed in 344 or 345 assisted at the Council of Rimini (359-60), and died in 384 (?). The invasion of 406 shattered the diocese, and its restoration required a long time. The conversion of the Franks began under Falco (first half of the sixth century) and continued under Sts. Domitian, Monulphus, and Gondulphus (sixth and seventh centuries). St. Monulphus built over the tomb of St. Servais a sumptuous church, near which his successors often resided. During the whole of the seventh century the bishops had to struggle against paganism. St. Amandus (647-50) abandoned the episcopal chair in discouragement, and built monasteries. St. Remaculus (650-60) did the same. St. Theodard (660-69), died a martyr. St. Lambert (669-705?) completed the conversion of the pagans; probably about 705 he was murdered at Liège, named at that time Vicus Leudicus, for his defence of church property against the avarice of the neighbouring lords, and he was popularly regarded as a martyr. His successor, St. Hubert, built, to enshrine his relics, a basilica which became the true nucleus of the city, and near which the residence of the bishops was fixed. Those bishops, nevertheless, continued to use the style of Bishop of the Church of Tongeren, or Bishop of Tongeren and of Liège. Agilbert (768-84), and Gerbald (785-810) were both placed in the see by Charlemagne. Hartgar built the first episcopal palace. Bishop Franco, who defeated the Normans, is celebrated by the Irish poet Sedulius. Stephen (908-20), Richaire (920-45), Hugh (945-47), Farabert (947-58) and Rathier were promoted from the cloister. To Stephen, a writer and composer, the Catholic Church is indebted for the feast and the Office of the Blessed Trinity. Rathier absorbed all the learning of his time. Heraclius, who occupied the see in 959, built four new parish churches, a monastery, and two collegiate churches, he inaugurated in his diocese an era of great artistic activity. (See Mosan art.)

The prince-bishopric

The domain of the Church of Liège had been developed by the donations of sovereign princes and the acquisitions of its bishops. Notger (972-1008), by securing for his see the feudal authority of a countship became himself a sovereign prince. This status his successors retained until the French Revolution: and throughout that period of nearly eight centuries the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, with a temporal jurisdiction of less extent than its spiritual, succeeded in maintaining its autonomy, though theoretically attached to the Empire. This virtual independence it owed largely to the ability of its bishops, under whom the Principality of Liège, placed between France and Germany, on several occasions played an important part in international politics. Notger, the founder of this principality, was also the second founder of his episcopal city. He rebuilt the cathedral of St. Lambert and the episcopal palace, finished the collegiate church of St. Paul, begun by Heraclius, facilitated the erection of Sainte-Croix and Saint-Denis, two other collegiate churches, and erected that of St. John the Evangelist. This bishop also strengthened the parochial organization of the city. He was one of the first to spread the observance of All Souls' Day, which he authorized for his diocese. But the most notable characteristic of Notger's administration was the development which, following up the work of Heraclius, he gave to education: thanks to these two bishops and to Wazo, "Liège for more than a century occupied among the nations a position in regard to science which it has never recovered". "The schools of Liège were, in fact, at that time one of the brightest literary foci of the period". Balderic of Looz (1008-18), Wolbodo (1018-21), Durandus (1021-25), Reginard (1025-38), Nitard (1038-42), the learned Wazo, and Theoduin (1048-75) valiantly sustained the heritage of Notger. The schools went on forming many brilliant scholars, and gave to the Catholic Church Popes Stephen IX and Nicholas II. In the reign of Henry of Verdun (1075-91) a tribunal was instituted (tribunal de la paix) to take cognizance of infractions of the Peace of God. Otbert (1091-1119) increased the territory of the principality. He remained faithful to Henry IV, who died as his guest. The violent death of Henry of Namur (1119-21) won for him veneration as a martyr. Alexander of Juliers (1128-34) received at Liège the pope, the emperor, and St. Bernard. The episcopate of Raoul of Zachringen was marked by the preaching of the reformer, Lambert le Bègue, who is credited with founding the béguines. The time at length came when the schools of Liège were to yield to the University of Paris, and the diocese supplied that university with some of its first doctors - William of Saint-Thierry, Gerard of Liège, Godfrey of Fontaines. Albero of Louvain was elected Bishop of Liège in 1191, but Emperor Henry VI, on the pretext that the election was doubtful, gave the see to Lothair of Hochstadt. Albero's election was confirmed by the pope, and he was consecrated, but was assassinated at Reims, in 1192, by three German knights. It is probable that the emperor was privy to this murder, the victim of which was canonized. In 1195 Albert de Cuyck (1195-1200) formally recognized the franchises of the people of Liège. In the twelfth century the cathedral chapter assumed a position of importance in relation to the bishop, and began to play an important part in history of the principality. chapter The struggles between the upper and lower classes, in which the prince-bishops frequently intervened, developed through the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, to culminate, in the fifteenth, with the pillage and destruction of the episcopal city. In the reign of Robert of Thourotte, or of Langres (1240-46), St. Juliana - a religious of Cornillon, Liège - was led by certain visions to the project of having a special feast established in honour of the Blessed Sacrament. After much hesitation, the bishop approved of her idea and caused a special office to be composed, but death prevented his instituting the feast. The completion of the work was reserved for a former prior of the Dominicans of Liège, Hugh of Saint-Cher, who returned to the city as papal legate. Hugh, in 1252, made the feast one of obligation throughout his legatine jurisdiction. John of Troyes, who, after having been archdeacon at Liège, was elected pope as Urban IV, caused an office to be composed by St. Thomas, and extended the observance of the feast of Corpus Christi to the whole Church. Another archdeacon of Liège, becoming pope under the name of Gregory X, deposed the unworthy Henry of Gueldres (1247-74). The Peace of Fexhe, signed in 1316, in the reign of Adolph of La Marck (1313-44), regulated the relations of the prince bishop and his subjects; nevertheless the intestinal discord continued, and the episcopate of Arnould of Hornes (1378-89) was marked by the triumph of the popular party. In 1366, the county of Loon was annexed to the bishopric which then included most of the current province of Limburg. Louis of Bourbon (1456-82) was placed on the throne by the political machinations of the dukes of Burgundy, who coveted the principality. The destruction of Dinant, in 1466, and of Liège, in 1468, by Charles the Bold, marked the ending of democratic ascendancy. Charles the Bold"]] Erard de la Marck (1505-1538) brought a period of restoration; he was an enlightened protector of the arts. He it was who commenced that struggle against the Reformation which his successors maintained after him, and in which Gerard of Groesbeeck (1564-80) was especially distinguished. With the object of assisting in this struggle, Paul IV, by the Bull "Super Universi" (12 May, 1550), created the new bishoprics of the Low Countries. This change was effected largely at the expense of the Diocese of Liège; many of its parishes were taken from it to form the entire Dioceses of Roermond, Bois-le-Duc (Hertogenbosch), and Namur, as well as, in part, those of Mechlin and Antwerp. The number of deaneries in the Diocese of Liège was reduced to thirteen. Most of the bishops in the seventeenth century were foreigners, many of them holding several bishoprics at once. Their frequent absences gave free scope for those feuds of the Chiroux and the Grignoux to which Maximilian Heinrich of Bavaria (archbishop of Cologne, 1650-88) put a stop by the Edict of 1681. In the middle of the eighteenth century the ideas of the French encyclopedists began to be received at Liège; Bishop de Velbruck (1772-84), encouraged their propagation and thus prepared the way for the Revolution Liégeoise, which burst upon the episcopal city on 18 August, 1789, during the reign of Bishop de Hoensbroech (1781-92).

The modern bishopric

At last the territory of the principality was united to France, and thenceforward shared the destines of the other Belgian provinces. The diocese, too, disappeared in the Revolution. The disparition of the prince-bishopric was confirmed in 1801 by the Concordat co-signed by Napoléon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII. The new diocese, erected 10 April, 1802, included the two Departments of Ourte and Meuse-Inférieure, with certain parishes of the département des Forêts. In 1818 it lost a certain number of cantons, ceded to Prussia. After the establishment of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands the diocese comprised the Provinces of Liège and Limburg. On 6 May, 1838, Mgr Van Bommel divided the Province of Liège into two deaneries. In 1839 the diocese lost those parishes which were situated in Dutch Limburg. In 1967, the Dutch-speaking parishes of the diocese formed the newly erected Diocese of Hasselt. The present Diocese of Liège, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Mechlin-Brussels, consists of 525 parishes with 543 priests and has a population of 1,023,506 as of 2003, the majority (Walloons) speaking French; the minority, German in the German-speaking Community of Belgium. The present territory of the diocese coincide with the province of Liège.

References

- [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09236a.htm Article Liège of the Catholic Encyclopedia (1910)]
- [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dlieg.html Diocese of Liège at www.catholic-hierarchy.org]

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